Mac & Cheese 101 (Sodium Citrate Method)

Mac & Cheese 101 (Sodium Citrate Method)

AmericanServes 4-6Medium

Ingredients

Pasta
- Elbow macaroni (or any pasta with holes, ridges, and curves)
- Salt for pasta water

Cheese Sauce
- Cheddar, block, grated (for sharpness)
- Gouda, block, skin removed, grated (for creaminess and flavour)
- Parmesan, freshly grated (for zing)
- Sodium citrate (key emulsifier — see notes)
- Generous amount of whole milk (make more sauce than you think you need)
- Small amount of heavy cream (added at the end)
- Butter (two additions — start of sauce and blended in at end)
- Onion, finely diced
- Garlic cloves, minced
- Black pepper

Crunchy Topping
- Butter
- Fresh garlic, minced
- Panko breadcrumbs
- Salt, black pepper, paprika, cayenne


Instructions

Step 1 — Prep Cheese

  1. Remove skin from Gouda. Grate Gouda and cheddar using a flat grater (use body weight to push — faster and easier). Set Parmesan aside.
  2. Always grate from block — pre-shredded cheese contains anti-caking agents that cause a gritty sauce.

Step 2 — Cook Pasta

  1. Bring a large pot of well-salted water to a boil. Add elbow pasta.
  2. Stir occasionally but not constantly. Cook to al dente — the pasta will soften further when it absorbs the sauce.
  3. Taste to check texture. Remove with a spider strainer — do NOT rinse (the starch helps sauce adhere and rinsing removes seasoning).
  4. Spread on a flat tray to cool quickly. Reserve some pasta water.

Step 3 — Make the Crunchy Topping

  1. Melt butter in a pan over medium heat. Add minced garlic.
  2. Once garlic is fragrant, add panko breadcrumbs. Season with salt, black pepper, paprika, and cayenne. Stir and shake to coat.
  3. Toast until golden and fragrant. Immediately transfer to a flat tray to stop cooking. Spread out to cool.

Step 4 — Make the Cheese Sauce

  1. Melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat. Add diced onion and a pinch of salt. Cook until translucent, not browned.
  2. Add minced garlic. Cook until fragrant.
  3. Pour in all the milk. Add sodium citrate. Season with black pepper. Bring to a light simmer, stirring until sodium citrate dissolves completely.
  4. Once milk is hot, begin adding cheese gradually — a handful at a time — whisking constantly. Never add all the cheese at once (it will cool the milk and refuse to melt).
  5. Alternate between cheddar, Gouda, and Parmesan as you whisk. Continue until sauce is thick and smooth.
  6. Add heavy cream and a final knob of butter. Use a stick blender to blend until completely smooth and silky.
  7. Adjust consistency with a splash of milk if too thick. The sauce should flow smoothly and silently — no plopping.

Step 5 — Assemble

  1. Reduce sauce heat to low (don't let it scorch). Add cooked pasta and stir to combine. Heat through — the pasta will absorb some sauce as it heats.
  2. Transfer to a serving dish. Top generously with the toasted panko breadcrumbs.
  3. Serve immediately.

My Notes

⚠️ Exact quantities not specified in the video — Frank cooks by ratio and feel. For a standard batch: approximately 500g pasta, 400g mixed cheese, 500ml milk is a reasonable starting point.
⚠️ Sodium citrate can be found online or at specialty food stores. Without it, add 2-3 slices of American cheese to the sauce — it contains sodium citrate naturally and achieves a similar effect.
No oven required — the stovetop method keeps the sauce creamy. Baking dries it out.


Full Article

Transcript source: Epicurious YouTube channel. Recipe by Frank, professional chef and culinary instructor.